BLOCK 7: Aortic & Mitral Valves

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Learning Objectives By Lesson
AORTIC VALVE
Aortic Valve Stenosis (Pt 1)

List the levels at which left ventricular outflow obstruction can occur
Describe the echocardiographic examination goals in the evaluation of aortic valve stenosis
Describe the clinical staging for aortic valve stenosis
Identify indications for echocardiographic evaluation for aortic valve stenosis
Explain the importance for left ventricular function evaluation in aortic valve stenosis
Describe the Doppler examination for aortic valve stenosis
Describe the how to differentiate aortic valve stenosis severity

Aortic Valve Stenosis (Pt 2)

Explain how to quantitate the severity of aortic valve stenosis
Describe clinical circumstances that can influence aortic valve gradient measurements when evaluating the severity of aortic valve stenosis
Describe how to differentiate whether a low flow state is primarily due to aortic valve stenosis or cardiomyopathy
Explain what is meant by paradoxical low flow, low gradient, normal ejection fraction aortic valve stenosis
Describe when a stenotic aortic valve should be considered for replacement

Aortic Valve Regurgitation

List the various etiologies associated with aortic valve regurgitation
Identify the goals of echocardiography in evaluating aortic valve regurgitation
Explain when an echocardiogram should be performed to evaluate aortic valve regurgitation
Describe the left ventricle’s response to aortic valve regurgitation
Describe Doppler techniques (e.g., continuous wave, color flow, and pulse wave Doppler) and parameters that can be used qualify and quantify severity of aortic valve regurgitation

MITRAL VALVE
Mitral Valve Overview

Mitral Valve Stenosis

List the etiologies of mitral valve stenosis
Describe the typical echocardiographic findings in rheumatic mitral valve stenosis
Describe the hemodynamic assessment to evaluate mitral valve stenosis severity using Doppler echocardiography
Identify secondary effects of mitral valve stenosis
Describe the role of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of mitral valve stenosis
Explain the role of exercise testing in the evaluation of mitral valve stenosis
Describe how to determine the feasibility of balloon valvuloplasty candidacy for mitral valve stenosis

Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Distinguish between primary and secondary mitral valve regurgitation
Describe the left ventricular response to mitral valve regurgitation
Describe echocardiographic measures used to assess mitral valve regurgitation severity
Explain how to quantify mitral valve regurgitation
List supportive findings of mitral valve regurgitation on echocardiography

Contributors: Nandan Anavekar, MBBCh; Abdullah Al-abcha, MD; Muhannad Aboud Abbasi, MBBCh; Anthony Kashou, MD
Last updated: July 2023.

Progress

Instructors

GCU Education Team
Physician Educators