Learning Objectives By Lesson1-Cardiac Cycle
- Label a pressure-time graph
- Distinguish right- and left-sided pressures in the heart
- Draw ventricular, atrial, and great vessel graphs on the right and left sides of circulation
- Identify cardiac events on the pressure-time graph
2-Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)
- Identify different components of the jugular venous pressure (JVP) waveform
- Explain what the jugular venous pressure (JVP) represents
- Describe the importance of the jugular venous pressure (JVP)
3-Pressure-Volume (PV) Loop
- Describe the events (valvular and sounds) that occur within a cardiac cycle
- Label the cardiac events on a pressure-volume (PV) loop
- List the determinants of left ventricular function
- Describe how the pressure-volume (PV) loop can be used to evaluate left ventricular function
4-Determinants of Left Ventricular (LV) Function
- Identify the key determinants of left ventricular function
- Describe the preload graphical relation of left ventricular function and the effects of changes in preload, afterload, and contractility
- Describe the afterload graphical relation of left ventricular function and the effects of changes in preload, afterload, and contractility
5-Altering Left Ventricular (LV) Function Parameters
- Explain what compliance represents
- Identify factors that influence compliance
- Describe pressure-volume loop responses to changes in preload, afterload, contractility, and compliance
6-Autonomic Nervous System: Anatomy
- Describe the basic components and divisions of the nervous system
- Describe the anatomical classification of the autonomic nervous system
- Describe the difference between most pre- and post-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
- Describe the difference between the cholinergic and adrenergic autonomic receptors
- Describe the role of negative feedback in autonomic regulation
7-Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic System
- Identify the main neurotransmitters of the adrenergic system
- Identify common effortor molecules activated in the adrenergic system associated with cardiovascular physiology
- Identify the various adrenoreceptors and their clinical effects on the cardiovascular system
- Describe what is meant by tolerance (might also be referred to refractoriness or tachyphylaxis)
- Describe factors influencing the net effect of adrenergic system
8-Autonomic Nervous System: Cholinergic System
- Identify the main neurotransmitters and receptors of the cholinergic system
- Describe the difference between muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
- Identify common effortor molecules activated in the cholinergic system associated with cardiovascular physiology
- Describe the main cardiovascular effects of muscarinic agonists
- Describe the cardiovascular effects of acetylcholine and the influence of the endothelium on its effects
- Describe the basic autonomic innervation of the heart
9-Autonomic Nervous System: Cardiovascular Regulation
- Review general rules of the autonomic nervous system's regulation of the cardiovascular system
- Identify main components contributing to mean arterial pressure
- Describe the short-term, mid-term, and long-term mechanisms important for autonomic nervous system regulation
- Describe the gerenal components involved in vascular regulation
- Describe the baroreceptor reflex and its effects on the cardiovascular system
- Describe the peripheral regulation factors influencing the circulatory system
Contributors: Nandan Anavekar, MBBCh; Mahmoud Ismayl, MD; Khalid Saeed Al-Asad, MD; Adnan Halboni, MD; Adolfo Martinez Salazar, MD; Anthony Kashou, MD
Last updated: January 2023.
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