Learning Objectives By Lesson1-Cardiac Anatomy
- Identify important boundaries of the heart
- Describe the difference between the coronal, axial, and sagittal planes
- Identify cardiac anatomical structures in coronal, axial, and sagittal planes
- Identify cardiac anatomical structures in the 2-chamber, 4-chamber, and short axis imaging planes
2-Cardiac Septal Anatomy
- Identify the three components of the cardiac septum
- Describe the embryologic development of the interatrial septum
- Identify the prevalence of patent foramen ovale at different stages of age
- Describe the five components of the interventricular septum
- Identify the muscular and membranous components of the interventricular septum
- Identify the chambers seperated by the atrioventricular septum
3-Pulmonary Venous Anatomy
- Describe what differentiates normal from abnormal pulmonary venous drainage
- Describe the importance of understanding pulmonary venous anatomy
- Describe the basic embryologic development of the pulmonary veins
- Describe some normal variations of pulmonary venous anatomy
- Define partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage
- Describe features associated with Scimitar syndrome
- Define total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage
4-Atrial Septal Defects
- Describe the importance of understanding atrial septal defects (ASDs)
- List the various types of atrial septal defects (ASDs)
- Identify the anatomical locations of various atrial septal defects (ASDs)
- Describe the anatomical anomalies associated with Scimitar syndrome
- Describe the physiology associated with atrial septal defects (ASDs)
- Describe the difference between restrictive and non-restrictive shunts assocaited with atrial septal defects (ASDs) and how that determines that magnitude of the shunt
- Describe how to quantify the degree of shunting in atrial septal defects (ASDs)
- Describe how the hemodynamics can explain the physical exam findings associated with significant atrial septal defects (ASDs)
5-Ventricular Septal Defects: Anatomy
- Review the ventricular septal anatomy
- Describe the anatomical division of the ventricular septum
- Identify anatomical components of the ventricular septum in various planes
- Describe the various locations ventricular septal defects (VSDs) can occur
- Describe what differentiates membranous from perimembranous ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
6-Ventricular Septal Defects: Physiology
- Review the ventricular septal anatomy
- Identify the anatomical location of various ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
- Describe how ventricular septal defects (VSDs) can be classified
- Describe physiologic features associated with restrictive and non-restrictive ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
- List and describe the four physiologic categories associated with restrictive and non-restrictive ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
- List the physical exam findings associated with ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and how the hemodynamic findings can explain them
7-Ventricular Septal Defects: ECG Findings
- Describe the pathophysiology of ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
- List some potential causes of ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
- Identify different types of ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
- Describe the ECG features associated with ventricular septal defects (VSDs)
8-Atrioventricular Septal Defects
- Review the embryologic development of the cardiac septum
- Identify the anatomical location of atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
- List clinical conditions associated with atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
- Describe characteristic features of atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
- Describe what a gooseneck deformity represents
- Describe how atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) alter left ventricular geometry, including the left ventricular inlet and outlet lengths
- Describe the clinical significance of elongation of the left ventricular outflow resulting from atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
- Describe how to differentiate between partial, transitional, intermediate, and complete atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
- Describe the difference between balanced and unbalanced atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
Contributors: Nandan Anavekar, MBBCh; Mahmoud Ismayl, MD; Khalid Saeed Al-Asad, MD; Adnan Halboni, MD; Adolfo Martinez Salazar, MD; Anthony Kashou, MD
Last updated: January 2023.
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