Learning Objectives By LessonINFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Infective Endocarditis
- Define infective endocarditis
- Identify the most common pathogens of infective endocarditis
- Describe the pathophysiology of infective endocarditis
- Identify predisposing factors for infective endocarditis
- Describe the positive echocardiographic findings of infective endocarditis
- Describe the major and minor diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis
- Describe what defines a definite, possible, or rejected diagnosis of infective endocarditis
- Describe the role for echocardiography in infective endocarditis evaluation
- Describe indications to repeat an echocardiogram in the evaluation of infective endocarditis
- Describe the role of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiopgy in the evaluation of infective endocarditis
- Identify common sites for vegetations in infective endocarditis to occur
- Identify infective endocarditis vegetation mimickers
- Describe anatomic and hemodynamic complications associated with infective endocarditis
- Define an abscess and its clinical implications in the context of infective endocarditis
- Describe features associated with an incresaed embolic risk in infective endocarditis
- Describe a general management approach for infective endocarditis based on patient risk
- Describe the evaluation approach for prosthetic valve endocarditis
- Describe features that should be evaluated on echocardiography for prosthetic valve endocarditis
- Describe the risk of infection in patients with a cardiac device
- Describe the management approach for patients with cardiac device infection
- Idenitfy risk factor for cardiac device infection
CARDIOMYOPAHTYHypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Define hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its basic characteristics
- Describe the role of echocardiography in the evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Describe the expected findings to the mitral valve apparatus from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Describe how M-mode, color flow imaging, pulse wave Doppler, and color wave Doppler can be used in the evaluation of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
- Describe the continuous wave Doppler findings seen in aortic stenosis, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and mid-cavitary obstruction
- Describe the role of strain echocardiography and exercise testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Explain the concept of burned-out hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Describe screening and surveillance for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Fundamentals
- Identify various causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
- List diagnostic features of primary and secondary dilated cardiomyopathy
- Describe how to determine the sphericity index and how it changes with dilated cardiomyopathy
- Identify M-mode parameters of reduced left ventricular function associated with dilated cardiomyopathy
- Describe the contemporary echocardiographic approaches that utilize volumetric and Doppler-based parameters in the evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy
- Identify secondary effects of dilated cardiomyopathy that can adversely affect prognosis
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Special Topics
- Describe echocardiographic features that can help differentiate between ischemic and nonischemic left ventricular dysfunction
- Explain what is meant by dyssynchrony and the benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
- Describe how to optimize the AV delay in patients with a pacing device
- List echocardiographic parameters used in the evaluation of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) candidacy
- List the echocardiographic parameters used in the evaluation of a patient with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
Contributors: Nandan Anavekar, MBBCh; Abdullah Al-abcha, MD; Muhannad Aboud Abbasi, MBBCh; Anthony Kashou, MD
Last updated: July 2023.
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