Learning Objectives By LessonSyncope Terms & Definitions
- Define loss of consciousness
- Define and differentiate between syncope, presyncope, and unexplained syncope (syncope of undetermined etiology)
- Create a differential diagnosis for loss of consciousness
- Differentiate between non-cardiac syncope and cardiac syncope
- Identify syncope mimickers
- Define and differentiate epilepsy, cataplexy, psychogenic syncope, and syncope related to metabolic disorders
Brugada Syndrome (BrS)
- Describe the diagnostic critiera for Brugada syndrome
- Describe the genetic basis for Brugada syndrome
- Describe and identify type 1 Brugada ECG pattern
- Describe and identify type 2 Brugada ECG pattern
- Describe how the PR interval duration can increase the yield of genetic testing
- Describe lifestyle modifications for patients with Brugada syndrome
- Identify indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation in Brugada syndrome
Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT)
- Describe the pathophysiology of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
- Identify triggers of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
- Describe how to diagnose catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
- Describe the clinical presentation of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
- Describe the ECG features associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) during exercise stress testing
- Identify characteristic settings in which bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (VT) might occur
- Describe a management approach for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
- Describe the role of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
- Describe a screening approach for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
- Idenitfy independent cardiac event predictors in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
- Describe how to diagnose long QT syndrome (LQTS)
- Describe the role of exercise stress testing in the diagnosis of long QT syndrome (LQTS)
- Describe the clinical presentation of long QT syndrome (LQTS)
- Describe hallmark features associated with Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
- Describe hallmark features associated with Romano-Ward syndrome
- Describe hallmark features associated with Anderson-Tawil syndrome
- Describe what is considered a prolonged QTc interval in males and females
- Describe how to accurately measure the QT interval, including in the setting of irregular rhythms (e.g., sinus arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation)
- Describe how heart rate affects QT interval
- Describe and identify T wave morphologies associated with long QT syndrome type 1, 2, and 3 phenotypes
- Identify general QTc interval measurement cutoffs for a long QT syndrome (LQTS) screening program
- Describe the role of genetic screening in long QT syndrome (LQTS)
- Describe a management approach for long QT syndrome (LQTS)
- Describe the role of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in long QT syndrome (LQTS)
Commotio Cordis
- Describe what commotio cordis refers to and how it occurs
- Identify patients at risk of commotio cordis
- Identify influencing factors of commotio cordis
- Describe the general management approach of commotio cordis
- Describe the prognosis of commotio cordis
General Indications for Pacemakers
- Identify various aspects of the electrical conduction of the heart
- Describe the general variation in pacemaker indications along the conduction system of the heart
- Identify pacemaker indications for sinus node dysfunction
- Identify pacemaker indications for varying degrees of AV block
- Identify contraindications for pacing in AV block
- Describe what is meant by bifascicular block
- Describe the general prognosis of bifascicular block
- Identify pacemaker indications for bifascicular block
Special Indications for Pacemakers
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation after trancatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation for AV block after acute myocardial infarction
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation after cardiac transplant
- Describe the different conduction defects risks for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy undergoing myectomy or alcohol septal ablation
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation in adult congenital heart disease
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation in epilepsy
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation in carotid sinus syndrome
- Describe indications for pacemaker implantation in vasovagal syncope
ICD Indications for SCD Prevention (Part 1)
- Define primary and secondary suddent cardiac death (SCD) prevention
- Describe the clinical benefit for implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) candidates
- Identify primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) indications based on ejection fraction, etiology, and NYHA functional class
- Identify primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) indications after acute myocardial infarction with or without revascularization
- Identify primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) indications for non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM)
- Describe general ethical considerations for device therapy
ICD Indications for SCD Prevention (Part 2)
- Identify primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) indications in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- Identify primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) indications in long QT syndrome (LQTS)
- Identify primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) indications in various disorders based on ejection fraction
- Identify primary implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) indications in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Indications
- Describe the rationale and purpose for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
- Define left ventricular dyssynchrony
- Describe the hemodynamic effects associated with left ventricular dyssynchrony
- Describe the clinical and hemodyamic benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
- Describe and identify clinical indications for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
Contributors: Anthony Kashou, MD; Mahmoud Ismayl, MD; Khalid Saeed Al-Asad, MD; Adnan Halboni, MD; Adolfo Martinez Salazar, MD; Nandan Anavekar, MBBCh
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